A Midsummer Night's Dream

A Dream

A Midsummer Night's Dream By: A. Theseus More strange

than true. I never may believe These antic fables nor these

fairy toys. Lovers and madmen have such seething brains,

Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend More than cool

reason ever comprehends. The lunatic, the lover, and the

poet Are of imagination all compact. One sees more devils

than vast hell can hold: That is the madman. The lover, all as

frantic Sees Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt. The poet's

eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, Doth glance from heaven to

earth, from earth to heaven And as imagination bodies forth

The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to

shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a

name. Such tricks hath strong imagination That, if it would

but apprehend some joy, It comprehends some bringer of

that joy; Or in the night, imagining some fear, How easy is a

bush supposed a bear! (V,i,2-22) Theseus, in Scene V of A

Midsummer Night's Dream, expresses his doubt in the

verisimilitude of the lover's recount of their night in the forest.

He says that he has no faith in the ravings of lovers- or

poets-, as they are as likely as madmen are to be divorced

from reason. Coming, as it does, after the resolution of the

lovers' dilemma, this monologue serves to dismiss most of

the play a hallucinatory imaginings. Theseus is the voice of

reason and authority but, he bows to the resulting change of

affection brought about by the night's confused goings on,

and allows Hermia, Lysander, Helena and Demetrius to

marry where their hearts would have them. This place where

the line between dream and reality blurs is an important

theme of the play. Theseus is also a lover, but his affair with

Hippolyta is based upon the cold reality of war, "Hippolyta,

I wooed thee with my sword, And won thy love doing thee

injuries..."(I,i,16-17). He is eager to wed Hippolyta and

marriage is the place where reason and judgement rule. He

wins the hand of his bride through action not through flattery,

kisses and sighs inspired by her beauty. In lines 4-6 of his

monologue he dismisses the accounts of lovers and madmen

on the grounds that they are both apt to imagine a false

reality as being real. When, in I,i,56, Hermia tells Theseus, "I

would my father looked but with my eyes", Theseus

responds, "Rather your eyes must with his judgment

look."(57). Theseus has a firm belief that the eyes of lovers

are not to be trusted. That the eye of the lover "...Sees

Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt..."(11) is, to him, proof of

this. It precisely by enchanting the eyes of the lovers that the

faeries manage to create so much mayhem: "Flower of this

purple dye, hit with cupid's archery, sink in apple of his eye!

When his love he doth espy, let her shine as gloriously as the

Venus of the sky."(III,ii,101-7) Puck doesn't change

Helena's nature, nor does he change her features. When

Lysander wakes, he beholds the same Helena that he's

always despised and suddenly he is enthralled. For Theseus

this is merely caprice and in no means grounded in reality.

Theseus doubts even the existence of the faeries, believing

the lovers have, at a loss to explain the inexplicable changes

of heart they've experienced, dreamed them up: "And as

imagination bodies forth the forms of things unknown, the

poet's pen turns them into shapes and gives to airy nothing a

local habitation and a name."(14-17) A trick of the light, an

abundance of shadows, lack of sleep, an overactive

imagination or any one of these or million other causes are

the most likely explanation. In equating lovers, poets and

lunatics Theseus gets into interesting territory and serves to

elevate lovers while he denounces them. The lunatic "...sees

more devils than vast hell can hold..” while the poet's eye

"...Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to

heaven..."(9-13); thus this same imagination is responsible

for both mad ravings and great art. The concrete reality of

earth co-exists with both heaven and hell as the Faerie world

co-exists with the mortal world. A poet could, just as easily,

be a lunatic depending on the nature of his visions. That

lover's are often (bad) poets, is prime example of this

interchangeability. "Such tricks hath strong imagination, that,

if it would but apprehend a joy, it comprehends some

bringer of that joy; or in the night imagining some fear, how

easy is a bush supposed a bear!"(18-22) Theseus describes

the faulty and incomplete reasoning employed by poets and

lovers alike. Given evidence of some thing, conclusions are

made as to the nature of that thing. This usually incorrect

conclusion, having been reached, is followed by madcap

mix-ups and hilarity- at least for the audience. While

distrusting the nature of love and its effect on people,

Theseus also recognizes the salutary effect it has, as

Demetrius and Lysander, once bitter foes, present

themselves to him as friends. He allows the lovers to marry

according to their affection and betrays his own affection and

appreciation for the intoxicating draught called love, "Here

come the lovers, full of joy and mirth. Joy, gentle friends, go

and fresh days of love accompany your hearts!"(V,i,28-30)

 

A Christmas Carol again

A Christmas Carol, although occurring at a different time period than today, still holds values and lessons that are important in society today.  The main character, Ebeneezer Scrooge, starts off having no feelings for others or any Christmas spirit, but changes from his gloomy, dark appearance to a carefree, child-like persona at the end.  Dickens shows in A Christmas Carol that personal greed will lead to peril, while kindness and generosity lead to personal happiness.

      One of Dickens social concerns was the lack of sympathy or feelings that people have toward other people.  In the story,  Scrooge had no feelings toward his family or friends and held a strictly professional relationship with them, creating a hostile bond between them.  For example, Bob Cratchit's wife does not like the idea have toasting to Scrooge because of the way he treats his long time employee.  Also, Scrooge is looked down upon by the charity collectors because he simply states that they should die to accommodate the others who need it.  Secondly, society has a negative view on Scrooge because of his attitudes and shows no feelings or compassion for Scrooge in the future.  For example, the thieves are able to steal Scrooge's possessions because no body cares about Scrooge or his things.  Also, the businessmen that Scrooge does business with regularly show no feelings about his death and go to his funeral simply for food.  Dicken's shows a way to resolve the problem by simply treating others how you wa

nt them to treat you.   At the end Scrooge's attitude changes and changes in how society will treat him are shown to be inevitable. 

      Another social concern is the priority of family over money and personal gains.  Money proves to be the golden idol that is worshipped by the people in the Christmas Carol, but also proves to destroy lives.   For example, Scrooge gives up a chance at having a loving family when he chooses money over his girlfriend Belle, who turns out to have a happy family with another loving husband.  Also, Scrooge's old business partner, Marley, put his life to waste because of money and suffers pain in his afterlife which could have been easily avoided.  A Christmas Carol also shows that people can be happy without money, just as long as the love is genuine.  For example, Scrooge's nephew married happily not to a wealthy lady, but a middle class ordinary woman and are happy together.   Also Bob Cratchit's family, despite poverty and lack of food, still have a loving environment that keeps the family together and happy.  Dickens shows that simply sacrificing for friends and family can bring happiness and joy.  Scrooge doub

les Bob Cratchit's salary while showing his appreciation and visits his nephew resulting in a stronger bond that money can not buy..

      Another social concern that Dicken's portrays in A Christmas Carol is that people do not know the true meaning of Christmas;  Scrooge throughout the story is given opportunities to display Christmas acts but requires the assistance of the three spirits.  First, he was invited to dinner at his nephews, but he bluntly refused calling Christmas a humbug.  Family is the most important part of Christmas and should always take priority.  Scrooge already failed at an attempt at family and had a chance to make amends with his sister's son.  Secondly, Scrooge also refused to donate any money that he hoards to the needy when the charity collectors come to collect.  Even though Scrooge has more than enough to generously donate and spread around , he refuses to donate saying that he pays enough in taxes.  Christmas should be a time of generosity and a time to help those who are not as fortunate.  In the story Scrooge realizes his lack of compassion and donates generously and takes up his nephews offer.

      Dicken's A Christmas Carol shows universal themes that society should learn to live by everyday and not just holidays or special occasions.  Scrooge learns these lessons with the visit of three spirits and a journey into his painful past and future so he could see his attitude toward people and societies attitude towards him; this allows him to change and create a new path for himself other than the one set out.  A Christmas Carol makes readers aware of their personal attitudes and presents a way to change for the better.